MOTS-C (human) acetate is a mitochondrial-derived peptide capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier. It modulates the AMPK/PGC-1α pathway to enhance insulin sensitivity: it inhibits the folate cycle and de novo purine synthesis, raises AICAR levels to activate AMPK, regulates the Nrf2/Keap1 antioxidant pathway, and suppresses the NF-κB inflammatory pathway, while promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism. Through these actions, it improves glucose and lipid metabolism and exerts anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects, making it a valuable tool for studying type 2 diabetes, traumatic brain injury, inflammatory diseases, and aging-related metabolic disorders.